Parental Gender Sex–Dependent1 Differences in CAG Repeat Length in Intergenerational Transmission Ofof2 Huntington‘s3 Disease¶
Dr. S. Q. Lapius, PhD4¶Huntington‘s3 Diseasedisease5 (HD)6 is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG repeat expansion on the Huntingtinhuntingtin7 gene (HTT)8 that, which9 codes for the Huntingtinhuntingtin8 protein (Htt). This repeat expansion produces an altered, disease disease-causing,2 anti–apoptotic10 (e.g.ie,11 inhibitive of programmed cell death) form of the protein.¶
The study included 426 men and womenmale and female12 subjectsparticipants13 between nine and fifty three years oldaged 9 to 53 years,14 confirmed by genetic testing to have the parent to –offspring15 transmitted expanded trinucleotide repeat that causes HD.¶
In paternal transmissions, larger mutant CAG repeat length corresponded with increaseda greater degree of16 CAG repeat expansion (β = 0.73; pP < 0.001)17 (Aziz, 2011).18¶
References¶
Aziz, N. A., van Belzen, M. J., Coops, I. D., Belfroid, R. D., & Roos, R. A. (2011). Parent-of-origin differences of mutant HTT CAG repeat instability in Huntington’s disease. European journal of medical genetics,Eur J Med Genet. 2011;54(4), e413––e418. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.04.00219¶
Medical & Scientific editing
As the editor of your research paper, manuscript, or regulatory document, my concern is for clarity, coherency, consistency, and correctness.
Medical editing at all levels ensures adherence to style and publication guidelines in the following matters:
- Correcting grammar, punctuation, and spelling
- Verifying medical terminology and statistics
- Ensuring consistency in hyphenation, capitalization, and abbreviations
- Checking syntax, for repetition, and for inconsistencies
- Fact-checking (names, dates, etc.)
- Noting passages of text, tables, or illustrations that require permission to reprint
- Ensuring clear organization and formatting
Medical editing (copyediting) involves attending to all the matters above, adhering to specific style guides and publication requirements; bringing attention to convoluted passages (but not revising them); asking for clarification of terms that may be new to readers; and querying factual inconsistencies and statements that appear to be incorrect.
Developmental medical editing, additionally, involves pointing out, correcting, and revising all errors; bringing your attention and revising or offering suggested revisions to convoluted passages; supplying definitions of terms that may be new to readers; querying, verifying, and revising factual errors; and querying or fixing faults in organization and gaps in the logic of the work (should they exist!).
Proofreading is checking print- or publication-ready copy to correct errors introduced during the typesetting, formatting, or file conversion of the manuscript and to identify any serious errors not caught during copyediting.
I will be able to advise which level of editing your manuscript will benefit from once I have reviewed a sample.
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Michael Moore
For medical and scientific manuscripts I will typically follow the American Medical Association Manual of Style, NLM Style Guide, or CSE Manual, and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary and Dorland’s Medical Dictionary, though I am happy to follow whichever style guide you or your publisher requires.
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What does the editing process look like?
Typically, I copyedit medical and scientific manuscripts prior to their submission to scholarly journals, or medical documents (e.g., clinical trial protocols) authored by a medical writer and worked on by you and your team prior their submission to regulatory authorities.
In most cases, I perform one round (two editorial passes) of copyediting before providing you with the copyedited manuscript for your review. I provide a style sheet—a record of editorial choices and decisions relating to everything from spelling and capitalization to noting special symbols used and any required permissions to reprint information from copyrighted sources—which can be referenced during publication should questions relating to those matters arise.
Once you have reviewed the manuscript, I perform a final round of editing to ensure the document continues to adhere to the high standards set during the initial two editorial passes and that no new errors have been introduced—we want things to be perfect, after all!
When editing an updated regulatory document, I can also verify and highlight amendments made to previous versions of your manuscript that may need to be disclosed to regulatory bodies. I can also help to develop and implement internal style guides for future medical content at your institution.
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Michael Moore
My edits are recorded using Microsoft Office Word’s Track Changes feature, allowing you to quickly review and accept changes and suggestions (and easily ask questions about my editorial decisions).
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Choose me to edit your medical or scientific manuscript
I have edited numerous medical research papers and clinical trial documents. My work has ensured these manuscripts exemplify clarity, coherency, consistency, and correctness.
My work includes having collaborated with researchers on projects such as editing research manuscripts for peer review in medical journals (e.g., Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy and BMC Neurology); genetic medicines clinical trial regulatory protocols for submission to the FDA (US), EMA (EU), and PMDA (Japan); and a patient safety manual for physicians’ medical practices.
I hold a Certificate in Medical Editing from the American Medical Writers Association and a Certificate in Medical Terminology from Des Moines University Medicine and Health Sciences, in addition to a Specialized Certificate in Copyediting from UC San Diego Extended Studies. I have also completed study of the AMA Manual of Style with the Editorial Freelancers Association and select modules from the UC San Diego Extended Studies Medical Writing Certificate program, in areas such as clinical trials and regulatory writing.
I am happy to provide a free sample edit of a page or so for you to confirm I’m the right editor for you.
Rates
My rates are in line with industry standards, as surveyed by the Editorial Freelancers Association.
Generally, basic medical editing (copyediting) is priced at around 4.9¢ per word, and developmental and line editing in the range of 5.5–7.0¢ per word, each with a $50 minimum. Proofreading of medical texts is priced at around 4.5¢ per word, with a $45 minimum. I’ll provide an estimated fee once I have reviewed your manuscript.
For larger projects I require a 50 percent deposit of the estimated fee.
Payment can be made by bank transfer or via PayPal or Venmo.
References
1. Clayton et al. recommend use of the terms sex when reporting biological factors and gender when reporting gender identity or psychosocial or cultural factors (JAMA. 2016;316(18):1863–1864. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.16405). AMA §8.3.2.2, En Dash. The en dash shows relational distinction in a hyphenated or compound modifier, 1 element of which consists of 2 or more words. 2. AMA §2.1.6, Capitalization. Do not capitalize prepositions of 3 or fewer letters. 3. AMA §15.2, Nonpossesive Form. The nonpossessive form should be used for eponymous terms. 4. AMA §2.2.3, Academic Degrees. Multiple doctoral degrees are listed in the order preferred by the author. AMA §13.0-1, Abbreviations: Academic Degrees and Honors. Do not use periods with honorifics. Do not use both an honorific and an academic degree with a person’s name. 5. AMA §10.3.4, Eponyms and Words Derived From Proper Nouns. With eponyms, capitalize the proper name but not the common noun that follows it. 6. AMA §8.5.1.9, Brackets: Abbreviations. Abbreviations are enclosed in parentheses immediately after first mention of the term, which is spelled out in full. 7. AMA §10.3.4, Eponyms and Words Derived From Proper Nouns. With eponyms, derivative terms such as huntingtin are not capitalized. 8. AMA §14.6.2, Human Gene Nomenclature. Gene symbols should be italicized. 9. AMA §7.2.2.2, Indefinite Pronouns: That vs Which. Which introduces nonrestrictive clauses. Clauses beginning with which are preceded by commas. 10. AMA §8.3.1.6, When Not to Use Hyphens. The prefix anti- is not joined by a hyphen except when it precedes a proper noun, or an abbreviation. 11. AMA §11.1, Correct and Preferred Usage of Common Words and Phrases: eg, ie. eg: “for example”; ie: “that is.” No periods are required. AMA §8.2.1.4, Setting Off ie and eg. Use commas to set off ie and eg and the expanded equivalents, that is and for example. 12. AMA §11.7, Age and Sex Referents. The use of male and female as nouns is appropriate when referring to group of children and adults of both sexes. Some consider this usage dehumanizing; however, the most recent guidance of the JAMA Network and AMA Manual of Style (Frey T, Christiansen, S. Inclusive Language Guidance for Scientific Publishing. American Medical Writers Association webinar. April 18, 2024. Accessed March 29, 2024.) is to allow the use of male and female as nouns for ease and flexibility until more of a consensus is reached on how to use these terms. To avoid such usage, this example could simply read “426 participants.” 13. AMA §11.1, Correct and Preferred Usage of Common Words and Phrases: case, client, consumer, participant, patient, subject. Participant is preferred to subject. Some consider subject (as in study subject) to be impersonal, even derogatory, as if the person in the study were in a subservient role. 14. AMA §18.1, Use of Numerals. Numerals are used to express numbers in most circumstances. This phrase has also been edited for clarity. 15. AMA §8.3.1.1, Temporary Compounds. Hyphenate 2 or more adjectives used coordinately or as conflicting terms whether they precede the noun or follow as a predicate adjective. 16. The word increased implies a change over time, whereas greater implies a higher measurement at a single point in time (in this example, a greater degree of CAG expansion associated with paternal transmissions). 17. AMA §18.7.1, Decimals. No zero before the decimal point in numbers expressing the 3 values related to probability: P, α, and β. AMA §21.9.4, Italics. Italicize P value. 18. Subject to house or journal style. The AMA Manual of Style does not use in-text author name citations. AMA §3.5, Numbering. References should be numbered consecutively with arabic numerals in the order in which they are cited in the text. AMA §3.6 Citation. Each reference should be cited in the text, figures, tables, or boxes in consecutive numerical order by means of superscript arabic numerals. 19. AMA §3.11, References to Journal Articles. This reference was formatted in APA style and has been styled to AMA specification.
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Michael Moore
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